VOLVO S60 · model year

2002 VOLVO S60

248 NHTSA complaints, 4 crash reports, and 9 active recalls for this specific cohort.

NHTSA overall rating

Not crash-tested

New Car Assessment Program

The 2002VOLVOS60 carries 248 consumer safety complaints in NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation database for this specific model-year cohort. Within that volume, owners reported 4 crashes, 4 fires, 8 injuries, and 0 fatalities. No NCAP 5-star crash-test rating is available for this model year in the federal database.

Component-level analysis is where model-year complaints become actionable: the top complaint category for the 2002 S60 is electrical system with 28 filings, followed by fuel system, gasoline (26) and fuel/propulsion system (25). Concentration in one or two component groups is the classic signature of a systemic defect; a flat distribution usually reflects normal aging, warranty complaints, or isolated build-plant variability. This model year has 9 active recall campaigns, which means the manufacturer is obligated to remedy the covered defect at no charge for the life of the vehicle, the full NHTSA campaign numbers are listed below.

NHTSA currently has 28 investigation files overlapping the 2002 S60. Owners comparing this cohort against neighboring years should pair the counters above with the complaint-by-year trend on the parent model page, a spike in a single year often tracks to a platform refresh, a new transmission supplier, or an updated ECU calibration. Use the related-complaint feed below to read raw owner narratives before deciding whether any pattern here affects your specific use case.

248
Complaints
4
Crashes
4
Fires
8
Injuries
0
Deaths

Total Complaints

248 filings

Crashes Reported

4 reports

Source

NHTSA ODI

Federal complaints database

Complaints vs. fleet median (215)

Above median complaint volume, review patterns below.

Complaints by Component

ComponentCount
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM28
FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE26
FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM25
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL20
FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP15
TIRES12
AIR BAGS12
UNKNOWN OR OTHER9
ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING8
TIRES:SIDEWALL6
POWER TRAIN6
SEATS5
SUSPENSION5
POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION5
EXTERIOR LIGHTING5

Recalls (9)

21V76600030/09/2021

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:DRIVER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE

Volvo Car USA, LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2001-2006 S80 and 2001-2009 S60 vehicles. The driver's air bag inflator may explode during deployment, due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to high absolute humidity, high temperatures, and high temperature cycling.

07E02300029/03/2007

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:MASTER CYLINDER

CERTAIN CARDONE MASTER CYLINDERS WITH PART NUMBERS 10-2925, 10-2987, 10-2987MZA, 10-3083, 11-3015, 11-3042, 11-3044, 11-3045, 11-3047, 11-3064, AND 11-3156, AND WITH DATE CODES LOWER THAN DCA7078 SOLD AS REPLACEMENT EQUIPMENT FOR USE ON THE VEHICLES LISTED ABOVE. THE SEAL ON MASTER CYLINDER CAN FAI

03V30500021/08/2003

EQUIPMENT:OTHER:LABELS

CERTAIN PASSENGER VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 110, "TIRE SELECTION AND RIMS." THE TIRE PRESSURE LABEL IS INCORRECT. THESE VEHICLES DID NOT HAVE THE "MAX LOAD VEHICLE CAPACITY WEIGHT" INFORMATION ON THE LABEL.

09V48300018/12/2009

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP

VOLVO IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2001-2005 S80, MODEL YEAR 2001-2004 V70, S60, XC70 AND MODEL YEAR 2003-2005 XC90 VEHICLES SOLD IN OR REGISTERED IN THE STATES OF ALABAMA, ARIZONA, ARKANSAS, CALIFORNIA, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, HAWAII, KENTUCKY, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, NEVADA, NEW MEXICO, NORTH CAROLIN

06V44100015/11/2006

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

ON CERTAIN PASSENGER VEHICLES, A COMBINATION OF THROTTLE POSITIONING SENSOR IRREGULARITIES, A DIRTY THROTTLE HOUSING, AND/OR INEFFICIENT SOFTWARE CALIBRATION MAY CAUSE A WARNING LAMP TO LIGHT AND THE SUBSEQUENT ONSET OF LIMP HOME MODES.

10V56600008/11/2010

EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)

VOLVO IS RECALLING CERTAIN VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH GARMIN 760 PORTABLE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) UNITS BECAUSE THE BATTERIES ON THOSE UNITS MAY OVERHEAT.

07V15200005/04/2007

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP

ON CERTAIN VEHICLES ORIGINALLY SOLD IN OR CURRENTLY REGISTERED IN THE STATES OF ARIZONA AND NEVADA, DUE TO THE COMBINATION OF FUEL QUALITY AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS, THE FUEL PUMP MAY, IN CERTAIN CASES, EXPERIENCE A REDUCED FUNCTIONALITY. THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS WOULD BE FUEL ODOR.

20V68100004/11/2020

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:DRIVER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE

Volvo Car USA LLC (Volvo Car) is recalling certain 2001-2003 S80 and S60 vehicles sold or ever registered in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Island

03V28400001/08/2003

EQUIPMENT:OTHER:LABELS

CERTAIN PASSENGER CARS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 225, "CHILD RESTRAINT ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS." THE SECOND ISOFIX GUIDE WAS NOT INSTALLED IN THESE VEHICLES AND, IN CERTAIN CASES, THE OWNER'S MANUAL ISOFIX INFORMATION IS INCORRECT.

Recent Complaints

20220622VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

Message board throttle body position sensor controls the speed of the car is having issues having a problem accelerating

20220615AIR BAGS

InJanuary 3, 2021, I received a recall for the front driver airbag but replacement parts were not available. OnApril 19, 2021I received a letter the parts were available were and for me to contact a Volvo dealer to replace the front driver's airbag.free of charge. I called Volvo Cars to let me know the dealers in Nashville. They recommended Volvo of Cool Springs. I finally got an appointment on November 16,, and had my car towed to this dealer. I picked it up on November 9, with a receipt the front driver airbag Module had been installed. Aftera few days I noticed my SRS was showing"airbag Service Urgent".I resetthe SRS but the message is still showing. I called Volvo Cars and they agreed to tow the car to Volvo of Coolsprings to check the airbag. I picked my car up the clerk tried to explain the problem was with a failed DIM control module/display. The charge would be over $2000. so the receipt showed "customer declined recommendations. My SRS was working fine until they supposedly

20220328AIR BAGS

2002 VOLVO S60. CONSUMER WRITES IN REGARDS TO NHTSA SAFETY RECALL 21V-766. THE CONSUMER STATED THERE WERE NO VOLVO DEALERSHIPS WITHIN A REASONABLE DISTANCE TO PERFORM THE REPAIR. THE CONSUMER REQUESTED TO HAVE THE NECESSARY PARTS SENT TO A LOCAL AUTOMOTIVE SHOP.

20220202AIR BAGS

The contact owns a 2002 Volvo S60. The contact received a recall notification for NHTSA Campaign Number: 21V766000 (Air bags) however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The manufacturer was notified of the issue. The contact had not experienced a failure. Parts distribution disconnect.

20210226AIR BAGS

AIR BAG THROW SHARDS OF METAL BUT VOLVO SAY I SHOULDN'T DRIVE IT BUT WON'T GIVE LOANER CAR, THEY WON'T HELP US AT ALL WITH THE SITUATION

20181127AIR BAGS

BOTH FRONT AIRBAGS DEPLOYED ON ITS OWN IN THE GARAGE

Mileage: 120,800

20181025FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2002 VOLVO S60. THE CONTACT SMELLED A FUEL ODOR INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE VEHICLE. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO AN INDEPENDENT MECHANIC WHO DIAGNOSED THAT THE FUEL PUMP WAS FRACTURED. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE DEALER AND MANUFACTURER WERE NOT NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 134,000.

Mileage: 134,000

20180506ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)

TAKATA RECALL [XXX]. FOR MY SSN NUMBER, DRIVER LICENSE NUMBER CALL ME FOR THAT INFORMATION I DON'T LIKE TO PUT IT ON WEBSITE SO THAT OTHER PEOPLE CAN GET IT BUT HERE'S MY VIN [XXX] EMAIL IS [XXX] THE WHOLE DASHBOARD MY LIGHTS WON'T COME ON THE KEY WONT COME OUT I HAVE TO WAIT 5 OR 10 MIN TO WAIT FOR IT TO COME OUT IT SMELL LIKE GAS SOMETIMES THE KEYLESS WONT WORK I CHANGE THE THANG IN THE BACK FIVE TIMES IN ONE MONTH THE GEAR SOMETIME DON'T WORK. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

Mileage: 157,000

20180506VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

TAKATA RECALL [XXX]. FOR MY SSN NUMBER, DRIVER LICENSE NUMBER CALL ME FOR THAT INFORMATION I DON'T LIKE TO PUT IT ON WEBSITE SO THAT OTHER PEOPLE CAN GET IT BUT HERE'S MY VIN [XXX] EMAIL IS [XXX] THE WHOLE DASHBOARD MY LIGHTS WON'T COME ON THE KEY WONT COME OUT I HAVE TO WAIT 5 OR 10 MIN TO WAIT FOR IT TO COME OUT IT SMELL LIKE GAS SOMETIMES THE KEYLESS WONT WORK I CHANGE THE THANG IN THE BACK FIVE TIMES IN ONE MONTH THE GEAR SOMETIME DON'T WORK. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

Mileage: 157,000

20180506POWER TRAIN

TAKATA RECALL [XXX]. FOR MY SSN NUMBER, DRIVER LICENSE NUMBER CALL ME FOR THAT INFORMATION I DON'T LIKE TO PUT IT ON WEBSITE SO THAT OTHER PEOPLE CAN GET IT BUT HERE'S MY VIN [XXX] EMAIL IS [XXX] THE WHOLE DASHBOARD MY LIGHTS WON'T COME ON THE KEY WONT COME OUT I HAVE TO WAIT 5 OR 10 MIN TO WAIT FOR IT TO COME OUT IT SMELL LIKE GAS SOMETIMES THE KEYLESS WONT WORK I CHANGE THE THANG IN THE BACK FIVE TIMES IN ONE MONTH THE GEAR SOMETIME DON'T WORK. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

Mileage: 157,000

20180506EXTERIOR LIGHTING

TAKATA RECALL [XXX]. FOR MY SSN NUMBER, DRIVER LICENSE NUMBER CALL ME FOR THAT INFORMATION I DON'T LIKE TO PUT IT ON WEBSITE SO THAT OTHER PEOPLE CAN GET IT BUT HERE'S MY VIN [XXX] EMAIL IS [XXX] THE WHOLE DASHBOARD MY LIGHTS WON'T COME ON THE KEY WONT COME OUT I HAVE TO WAIT 5 OR 10 MIN TO WAIT FOR IT TO COME OUT IT SMELL LIKE GAS SOMETIMES THE KEYLESS WONT WORK I CHANGE THE THANG IN THE BACK FIVE TIMES IN ONE MONTH THE GEAR SOMETIME DON'T WORK. INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

Mileage: 157,000

20180316AIR BAGS

SERVICE LIGHTS SCROLL IN SPORADIC MOTION FLIPPING THROUGH CONSTANT ALERTS, CHECK ENGINE LIGHT, AIR BAG LIGHT, CONSTANT ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS GOING ON, FUEL DOOR WONT OPEN, BOTH FRONT SEATS HAVE ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS, OBVIOUS BURN THRU ON PASSENGER SIDE INDICATES ITS BEEN OVERHEATED AND DANGEROUS. EVERYTIME I'VE TAKEN IT IN THE SHOP THEY SAY THERE ARE NO RECALLS - YET PLENTY OF COMPLAINTS OVER FIRES WITH SEATS. CAN'T USED HEATED SEATS AT ALL. ENGINE SEEMS TO REMAIN INCONSISTENT IN SPEED, DASHBOARD LIGHTS GO COMPLETELY OUT AND THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES AFFECT BACK BRAKE LIGHTS. THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES BOUNCE IN CYCLES TO WHERE NO ONE CAN DETECT THE PROBLEMS. CHECK ENGINE LINE CONTINUES TO HAVE TO BE RESET AND SERVICE LIGHTS CONTINUALLY SEND SCROLLED WARNING TO PULL OVER. ALREADY HAD VEHICLE TOWED AND CAN'T TRUST VEHICLE WILL START. ALWAYS A WIRING ISSUE INVOLVED. THE CAR IS IN THE SHOP NOW AGAIN. 3/16/18 (SAME ISSUES)

Mileage: 140,000

20180316ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SERVICE LIGHTS SCROLL IN SPORADIC MOTION FLIPPING THROUGH CONSTANT ALERTS, CHECK ENGINE LIGHT, AIR BAG LIGHT, CONSTANT ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS GOING ON, FUEL DOOR WONT OPEN, BOTH FRONT SEATS HAVE ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS, OBVIOUS BURN THRU ON PASSENGER SIDE INDICATES ITS BEEN OVERHEATED AND DANGEROUS. EVERYTIME I'VE TAKEN IT IN THE SHOP THEY SAY THERE ARE NO RECALLS - YET PLENTY OF COMPLAINTS OVER FIRES WITH SEATS. CAN'T USED HEATED SEATS AT ALL. ENGINE SEEMS TO REMAIN INCONSISTENT IN SPEED, DASHBOARD LIGHTS GO COMPLETELY OUT AND THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES AFFECT BACK BRAKE LIGHTS. THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES BOUNCE IN CYCLES TO WHERE NO ONE CAN DETECT THE PROBLEMS. CHECK ENGINE LINE CONTINUES TO HAVE TO BE RESET AND SERVICE LIGHTS CONTINUALLY SEND SCROLLED WARNING TO PULL OVER. ALREADY HAD VEHICLE TOWED AND CAN'T TRUST VEHICLE WILL START. ALWAYS A WIRING ISSUE INVOLVED. THE CAR IS IN THE SHOP NOW AGAIN. 3/16/18 (SAME ISSUES)

Mileage: 140,000

20180316SEATS

SERVICE LIGHTS SCROLL IN SPORADIC MOTION FLIPPING THROUGH CONSTANT ALERTS, CHECK ENGINE LIGHT, AIR BAG LIGHT, CONSTANT ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS GOING ON, FUEL DOOR WONT OPEN, BOTH FRONT SEATS HAVE ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS, OBVIOUS BURN THRU ON PASSENGER SIDE INDICATES ITS BEEN OVERHEATED AND DANGEROUS. EVERYTIME I'VE TAKEN IT IN THE SHOP THEY SAY THERE ARE NO RECALLS - YET PLENTY OF COMPLAINTS OVER FIRES WITH SEATS. CAN'T USED HEATED SEATS AT ALL. ENGINE SEEMS TO REMAIN INCONSISTENT IN SPEED, DASHBOARD LIGHTS GO COMPLETELY OUT AND THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES AFFECT BACK BRAKE LIGHTS. THE ELECTRICAL ISSUES BOUNCE IN CYCLES TO WHERE NO ONE CAN DETECT THE PROBLEMS. CHECK ENGINE LINE CONTINUES TO HAVE TO BE RESET AND SERVICE LIGHTS CONTINUALLY SEND SCROLLED WARNING TO PULL OVER. ALREADY HAD VEHICLE TOWED AND CAN'T TRUST VEHICLE WILL START. ALWAYS A WIRING ISSUE INVOLVED. THE CAR IS IN THE SHOP NOW AGAIN. 3/16/18 (SAME ISSUES)

Mileage: 140,000

20171106FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

FUEL LEAK FIRE HAZARD WON'T PASS INSPECTION. GAS SMELL. CAR LEAKING WHILE PARKED.

Mileage: 99,000

20170823CrashPOWER TRAIN

I WAS INVOLVED IN A CAR ACCIDENT IN BRONX, NY ON 8/16/2017 THAT CAUSED SEVERE DAMAGE TO MY 2002 VOLVO S60. THANKFULLY, I WAS THE ONLY ONE IN MY CAR. I HAD JUST LEFT MY LAST DESTINATION, MOVING SLOWLY AND DRIVING STRAIGHT FOR A SHORT BLOCK OR SO, WHEN MY 2002 VOLVO S60, WITH AN ODOMETER READING OF 45,000 MILES, BEGAN TO ACCELERATE OUT OF NOWHERE AND RACE - ALL ON ITS OWN. I TRIED BRAKING (FOOT AND HAND) BUT IT WAS TOO SUDDEN AND NEITHER COULD SLOW IT DOWN. THE CAR ACCELERATED OUT OF MY CONTROL, JUMPED THE SIDEWALK AND PLOWED THROUGH A FENCE BEFORE COMING TO A STOP. I'M STILL SHAKEN, THINKING OF WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED, BUT THANKFULLY THERE WAS NO ONE ELSE INVOLVED AND NO ONE WAS IN FRONT OF ME OR WALKING BY. WHILE THIS IS SHOCKING AND SURPRISING TO ME, I BELIEVE THIS IS A KNOWN SAFETY MALFUNCTION ON CERTAIN MODELS OF VOLVO CARS. I HAVE READ THAT OTHER DRIVER'S HAVE COMPLAINED TO THE COMPANY ABOUT A RACING/SLIPPING TRANSMISSION BEFORE, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT VOLVO HAS BEEN AWARE

Mileage: 44,500

20170822FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

FUEL LEAKING FROM GAS TANK WHEN THE CAR IS RUNNING, PASSENGER SIDE ABOVE AND SLIGHTLY AFT OF THE FUEL FILTER.

Mileage: 207,000

20170804AIR BAGS

I HAVE A VOLVO S60 2002- WITH VERY LOW MILES AT 114.000. IT HAS BEEN GARAGE KEPT A MAJORITY OF IT'S LIFE AND IS TRULY IN MINT CONDITION. I RECENTLY TOOK THE VEHICLE TO VOLVO FOR MAINTENANCE CHECK UP (UNDERSTANDABLY) AND ALSO BECAUSE AN AIR-BAG LIGHT CAME ON. IT READS SRS AIRBAG SERVICE URGENT. NOW I'M NOT A MECHANIC, BUT BASICALLY THE AIRBAG IS IN TACT BUT THE INSTRUMENT CLUSTER OR DIM HAS FAILED. SINCE IT WASN'T THE AIRBAG ITSELF I WASN'T SURE HOW THEY WERE RELATED AND THEY EXPLAINED THAT THE CLUSTER SIGNALS WERE NOT NECESSARILY REACHING THE AIRBAG. AS A MOTHER AND KNOWING VOLVO HAS A LOT OF AIRBAGS I WAS CURIOUS AS TO WHICH ONES WERE AFFECTED AND THEY SAID THEY CAN NOT GUARANTEE THAT ANY OF THEM WOULD DEPLOY IN A CRASH. NOW THIS IS A COSTLY PROBLEM $2300 AS WELL AS VERY COMMON AS I SEE IN THE FORUMS. LIKE I SAID, MY CAR IS IN QUITE GOOD CONDITION ASIDE FROM NORMAL MAINTENANCE FOR IT'S AGE, BUT I DO NOT BELIEVE THE DIM TO BE NORMAL MAINTENANCE. ADDITIONALLY, BECAUSE OF

Mileage: 114,000

20170801FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

FUEL ODOR NOTED ON PASSENGER SIDE OF CAR, TOWARD THE BACK OF VEHICLE NEAR TANK, CAR HAS 137,000 MILES ON IT, PURCHASED NEW, LIVE IN KANSAS AND GARAGE KEPT. NO LEAKS NOTED UNDER CAR, VEHICLE IS STILL STARTING.

20170721FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2002 VOLVO S60. WHILE DRIVING, THE CONTACT NOTICED AN ABNORMAL ODOR OF FUEL INSIDE THE VEHICLE. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO A LOCAL DEALER (VALENTI VOLVO CARS OF WATERTOWN LOCATED AT 105 COMMERCIAL ST WATERTOWN, CT 06795), BUT WAS NOT DIAGNOSED OR REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 171,000.

Mileage: 171,000

Compare 2002VOLVOS60 to Similar Vehicles

NHTSA Investigations

View all investigations

Frequently Asked Questions

How many complaints does the 2002 VOLVO S60 have?
The 2002 VOLVO S60 has 248 NHTSA complaints, 4 crashes, 4 fires, 8 injuries, and 0 deaths reported.
Are there any recalls for the 2002 VOLVO S60?
Yes, the 2002 VOLVO S60 has 9 recall(s). The most common affected component is AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:DRIVER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE. Recalls are issued by NHTSA and manufacturers must provide a free remedy.
What are the most common problems with the 2002 VOLVO S60?
The most-complained component for the 2002 VOLVO S60 is ELECTRICAL SYSTEM with 28 complaints. Other frequently reported areas include FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE and FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM.
Is the 2002 VOLVO S60 safe to buy?
Review the complaint history, crash and fire reports, safety ratings, and recall status on this page to make an informed decision. No NHTSA crash test rating is available for this model year. Compare with other model years using the links above.
Where does this data come from?
All complaint, recall, and safety rating data is sourced from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Complaints are filed by vehicle owners through NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation.

Vehicle Safety Guides

Data as of 2025. Sources: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) complaints database, NHTSA recall campaign API, NHTSA NCAP crash-test ratings, and NHTSA FARS for fatality cross-reference.