INFINITI FX45 · model year

2003 INFINITI FX45

34 NHTSA complaints, 1 crash report, and 9 active recalls for this specific cohort.

NHTSA overall rating

Not crash-tested

New Car Assessment Program

The 2003INFINITIFX45 carries 34 consumer safety complaints in NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation database for this specific model-year cohort. Within that volume, owners reported 1 crash, 0 fires, 0 injuries, and 0 fatalities. No NCAP 5-star crash-test rating is available for this model year in the federal database.

Component-level analysis is where model-year complaints become actionable: the top complaint category for the 2003 FX45 is air bags with 5 filings, followed by structure (3) and exterior lighting (3). Concentration in one or two component groups is the classic signature of a systemic defect; a flat distribution usually reflects normal aging, warranty complaints, or isolated build-plant variability. This model year has 9 active recall campaigns, which means the manufacturer is obligated to remedy the covered defect at no charge for the life of the vehicle — the full NHTSA campaign numbers are listed below.

NHTSA currently has 7 investigation files overlapping the 2003 FX45. Owners comparing this cohort against neighboring years should pair the counters above with the complaint-by-year trend on the parent model page — a spike in a single year often tracks to a platform refresh, a new transmission supplier, or an updated ECU calibration. Use the related-complaint feed below to read raw owner narratives before deciding whether any pattern here affects your specific use case.

34
Complaints
1
Crashes
0
Fires
0
Injuries
0
Deaths

Total Complaints

34 filings

Crashes Reported

1 reports

Source

NHTSA ODI

Federal complaints database

Complaints vs. fleet median (215)

At or below the fleet median complaint volume.

Complaints by Component

ComponentCount
AIR BAGS5
STRUCTURE3
EXTERIOR LIGHTING3
POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION2
UNKNOWN OR OTHER2
FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM2
VISIBILITY:WINDSHIELD1
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM1
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL1
SEATS:FRONT ASSEMBLY:POWER ADJUST1
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC:CALIPER1
POWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DRIVESHAFT1
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC:PADS1
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC:ROTOR1
EXTERIOR LIGHTING:HEADLIGHTS:HIGH/LOW BEAM DIMMER SWITCH1

Recalls (9)

06V32800031/08/2006

EXTERIOR LIGHTING:HEADLIGHTS

DURING A CANADIAN COMPLIANCE TEST, CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 108, 'LAMPS, REFLECTIVE DEVICES, AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT.' THE HEADLAMP ASSEMBLIES DO NOT MEET THE HEADLAMP PHOTOMETRIC VALUES REQUIREMENTS OF THE S

16V34900024/05/2016

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE

Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) is recalling certain model year 2003-2008 Infiniti FX35 and FX45, 2003-2004 Infiniti I35, 2006-2010 Infiniti M35 and M45, and 2007-2011 Nissan Versa vehicles, originally sold, or ever registered, in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississ

15V22600017/04/2015

AIR BAGS

Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) is recalling certain model year 2003-2004 Infiniti I35, 2003-2005 FX35 and FX45, and 2006 M35 and M45 vehicles originally sold, or currently registered, in geographic locations associated with high absolute humidity. Specifically, vehicles sold, or ever registere

15V28700015/05/2015

AIR BAGS

Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) is recalling certain model year 2001-2003 Nissan Maxima, 2002-2004 Pathfinder, 2002-2006 Sentra, 2002-2003 Infiniti QX4 and I35, 2003 FX35 and FX45, and 2001 I30 vehicles. Upon deployment of the passenger side frontal air bag, excessive internal pressure may caus

03V47600014/11/2003

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:FOUNDATION COMPONENTS:DISC:CALIPER

ON CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, THE FRONT BRAKE CALIPER MOUNTING BOLTS MAY NOT BE ADEQUATELY TIGHTENED. THIS COULD RESULT IN ONE OR BOTH OF THE CALIPER MOUNTING BOLTS LOOSENING.

05V55500013/12/2005

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

ON CERTAIN PASSENGER AND SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, THE FUEL FILLER HOSE MAY CRACK AND RESULT IN FUEL LEAKAGE FROM THE HOSE WHILE REFUELING.

06V24400011/07/2006

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

DURING A CANADIAN COMPLIANCE TEST, CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES FAILED TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 108, 'LAMPS, REFLECTIVE DEVICES, AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT.' A REAR COMBINATION LAMP ASSEMBLY DID NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS.

20V00800009/01/2020

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE

Nissan North America, Inc. (Nissan) is recalling certain 2001-2003 Maxima, 2002-2006 Sentra, 2002-2004 Pathfinder, 2007-2011 Versa Sedan and Versa Hatchback, 2001-2004 Infiniti I30 and I35, 2002-2003 Inifiniti QX4, 2003-2008 Infiniti FX35 and FX45 and 2006-2010 M35 and M45 vehicles. The vehicles are

03V16400005/05/2003

POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

ON CERTAIN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES, THE BOLTS WHICH ATTACH THE PROPELLER SHAFT(S) TO THE TRANSAXLE AND DIFFERENTIAL(S) MAY NOT HAVE BEEN ADEQUATELY TIGHTENED.

Recent Complaints

20200930AIR BAGS

HELLO! MY NAME IS [XXX]. I OWNER OF INFINITI FX45 2003 [XXX] AND ACCORDING TO VINRCL.SAFERCAR.GOV/VIN/ I HAVE SEVERAL INCOMPLETE DEFECTS IN MY CAR. COULD YOU PLEASE CHECK THIS AND SUPPORT ME WITH PARTS REPLACEMENT? THANK YOU IN ADVANCE! I CONTACTED A DEALERSHIP IN RUSSIA, NO ACTION ON MY APPEAL HAPPENED. THEY DON'T DO ANYTHING. PLEASE HELP, I AM WORRIED ABOUT MY OWN SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHER PEOPLE.RUSSIA CANNOT BE SELECTED IN YOUR FORM. SORRY FOR THE INACCURATE INFORMATION INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

20200930FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

HELLO! MY NAME IS [XXX]. I OWNER OF INFINITI FX45 2003 [XXX] AND ACCORDING TO VINRCL.SAFERCAR.GOV/VIN/ I HAVE SEVERAL INCOMPLETE DEFECTS IN MY CAR. COULD YOU PLEASE CHECK THIS AND SUPPORT ME WITH PARTS REPLACEMENT? THANK YOU IN ADVANCE! I CONTACTED A DEALERSHIP IN RUSSIA, NO ACTION ON MY APPEAL HAPPENED. THEY DON'T DO ANYTHING. PLEASE HELP, I AM WORRIED ABOUT MY OWN SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHER PEOPLE.RUSSIA CANNOT BE SELECTED IN YOUR FORM. SORRY FOR THE INACCURATE INFORMATION INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

20200930EXTERIOR LIGHTING

HELLO! MY NAME IS [XXX]. I OWNER OF INFINITI FX45 2003 [XXX] AND ACCORDING TO VINRCL.SAFERCAR.GOV/VIN/ I HAVE SEVERAL INCOMPLETE DEFECTS IN MY CAR. COULD YOU PLEASE CHECK THIS AND SUPPORT ME WITH PARTS REPLACEMENT? THANK YOU IN ADVANCE! I CONTACTED A DEALERSHIP IN RUSSIA, NO ACTION ON MY APPEAL HAPPENED. THEY DON'T DO ANYTHING. PLEASE HELP, I AM WORRIED ABOUT MY OWN SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHER PEOPLE.RUSSIA CANNOT BE SELECTED IN YOUR FORM. SORRY FOR THE INACCURATE INFORMATION INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6). *TR

20200724AIR BAGS

I AM LOCATED IN RUSSIA, AND THE LOCAL INFINITI DEALER DOES NOT PERFORM RECALL COMPANIES ON MY CAR.

Mileage: 148,000

20200724FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM

I AM LOCATED IN RUSSIA, AND THE LOCAL INFINITI DEALER DOES NOT PERFORM RECALL COMPANIES ON MY CAR.

Mileage: 148,000

20200724EXTERIOR LIGHTING

I AM LOCATED IN RUSSIA, AND THE LOCAL INFINITI DEALER DOES NOT PERFORM RECALL COMPANIES ON MY CAR.

Mileage: 148,000

20191220UNKNOWN OR OTHER

I WAS BACKING DOWN MY DRIVE WAY (ABOUT 200 FT.) AND I HEARD A POPING SOUND. THEN AS I STARTED TO DRIVE DOWN THE ROAD IS WAS LOUDER, SOUND CAME FROM THE ROOF SO I OPENED THE CURTAIN IN FRONT OF THE MOON ROOF AND IT WAS ALL SHATTERED. THE CAR HAS ALWAYS BEEN GARAGED AND THE TEMP THAT DAY WAS IN THE LOW 40 DEGREES.

Mileage: 172,000

20181218UNKNOWN OR OTHER

THE 2 REAR DOOR LOCKS DON'T LOCK OR UNLOCK. DANGEROUS CONDITION.

Mileage: 60,000

20181117AIR BAGS

ALL THE LIGHTS ARE SWEATING, POOR VISIBILITY. ACCORDING TO: NUMBER OF REVIEWS ON HTSA: 06V-328 REVIEW DATE: ABRYCT 3 2006 NUMBER REVOCATION MANUFACTURER: R0608 SUMMARY DURING CANADIAN COMPLIANCE TESTING SOME SPECIAL VEHICLES SPORTS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FEDERAL STANDARD SAFETY CAR. 108, “LAMPS, REFLECTED DEVICES AND RELATED EQUIPMENT” HEAD LAMP CHARGES DO NOT CORRESPOND TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF PHOTOMETRIC VALUES OF THE HEAD LAMP REQUIREMENTS OF THE STANDARD RED CARD REACT HEAT HAZE RIGHT HYRECE RIGHT HYRECE REACTOR HYRECRANIOR REACTOR HYRELECTRICANTS ONLY HYRES TO HAVE ON RIGHT HYRECTS ON RIGHT HARDWARE RIGHT HARDWARE RIGHT HYRECE HYRES, RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE ITES, RIGHT HEATS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECE REQUIREMENTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECE, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RED CARDS, RADIATED DEVICES, 108 I DEMAND REPLACEMENT ACCORDING TO THE NON-CONFORMITY REGULATIONS.

20181117EXTERIOR LIGHTING

ALL THE LIGHTS ARE SWEATING, POOR VISIBILITY. ACCORDING TO: NUMBER OF REVIEWS ON HTSA: 06V-328 REVIEW DATE: ABRYCT 3 2006 NUMBER REVOCATION MANUFACTURER: R0608 SUMMARY DURING CANADIAN COMPLIANCE TESTING SOME SPECIAL VEHICLES SPORTS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FEDERAL STANDARD SAFETY CAR. 108, “LAMPS, REFLECTED DEVICES AND RELATED EQUIPMENT” HEAD LAMP CHARGES DO NOT CORRESPOND TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF PHOTOMETRIC VALUES OF THE HEAD LAMP REQUIREMENTS OF THE STANDARD RED CARD REACT HEAT HAZE RIGHT HYRECE RIGHT HYRECE REACTOR HYRECRANIOR REACTOR HYRELECTRICANTS ONLY HYRES TO HAVE ON RIGHT HYRECTS ON RIGHT HARDWARE RIGHT HARDWARE RIGHT HYRECE HYRES, RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE RIGHT TO HAVE ITES, RIGHT HEATS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECE REQUIREMENTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECE, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RIGHT HYRECTS, RED CARDS, RADIATED DEVICES, 108 I DEMAND REPLACEMENT ACCORDING TO THE NON-CONFORMITY REGULATIONS.

20171220AIR BAGS

TAKATA RECALL: YOUR SITE INDICATES THAT MY VEHICLE HAS TAKATA AIRBAG(S). HOWEVER, INFINITI'S WEBSITE SAYS MY VEHICLE IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE TAKATA RECALL. I CONTACTED INFINITI CUSTOMER SERVICE AND WAS TOLD MY CAR WAS NOT AFFECTED (SEE ATTACHED EMAIL). I AM CONCERNED THAT INFINITI'S RECALL PROGRAM IS MISSING MY VEHICLE

20170125POWER TRAIN

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. WHILE DRIVING 35 MPH, A LOUD NOISE WAS HEARD WHEN THE ACCELERATOR PEDAL WAS DEPRESSED. THE CONTACT EXITED THE VEHICLE AND NOTICED THE DRIVESHAFT ON THE GROUND. THE VEHICLE WAS TOWED TO THE CONTACT'S HOME. THE VEHICLE WAS DIAGNOSED BY AN INDEPENDENT MECHANIC WHO STATED THAT THE SHAFT BOLT SEPARATED FROM THE VEHICLE AND THE DRIVESHAFT NEEDED REPLACEMENT. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOT NOTIFIED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 160,000.

Mileage: 160,000

20150112CrashAIR BAGS

VEHICLE EXPERIENCED A MINOR GRAZING IMPACT ON BOTH RIGHT SIDE DOORS (IN THE MIDDLE OF AN INTERSECTION), WHICH DEPLOYED THE RIGHT SIDE AIRBAGS AND ALSO THE AIRBAG INSIDE THE FRONT PASSENGER LEATHER SEAT. AFTER THE ACCIDENT, THE WINDOW GLASS DIDN'T BREAK, THE DOORS OPENED AND CLOSED NORMALLY. THE SAFETY ISSUE IS THAT WHEN THE AIRBAGS DEPLOYED, THE ENGINE DIED IMMEDIATELY, AS IF FROM AN ELECTRICAL FAILURE, AND THE STEERING WHEEL PULLED TO THE RIGHT AND THE DRIVER (ME) HAD NO BRAKING. THE CAR VEERED TO THE RIGHT AND COASTED TO A STOP IN A YARD AT THE FAR END OF THE INTERSECTION. AFTERWARDS, THE CAR STARTED NORMALLY AND WAS DRIVABLE. FORTUNATELY, THERE WAS NO TRAFFIC OR PEDESTRIANS, SO NOBODY WAS INJURED. I CALLED CUSTOMER SERVICE AT INFINITI, AND THE REPRESENTATIVE CHECKED WITH THEIR TECHNICAL PEOPLE WHETHER THE AIRBAGS ARE INTENTIONALLY DESIGNED TO KILL THE ENGINE ON DEPLOYMENT, OR WHETHER THIS INDICATED A SYSTEM MALFUNCTION. THE CUSTOMER REPRESENTATIVE REPORTED BACK THAT INFINITI TECH SU

Mileage: 86,000

20141113STRUCTURE

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. THE CONTACT STATED THAT DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER, THE DRIVERS SIDE HEADLIGHTS WOULD FAIL. IN ADDITION, THE CONTACT STATED THAT THERE WAS A CRACK ON THE FRONT PASSENGER SIDE DASHBOARD NEAR THE AIR BAG. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT DIAGNOSED OR REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 124,000.

Mileage: 124,000

20141113EXTERIOR LIGHTING:HEADLIGHTS

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. THE CONTACT STATED THAT DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER, THE DRIVERS SIDE HEADLIGHTS WOULD FAIL. IN ADDITION, THE CONTACT STATED THAT THERE WAS A CRACK ON THE FRONT PASSENGER SIDE DASHBOARD NEAR THE AIR BAG. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT DIAGNOSED OR REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS MADE AWARE OF THE FAILURE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 124,000.

Mileage: 124,000

20141109STRUCTURE

THE DASHBOARD IS SEVERELY CRACKING AT ALL SPEAKERS. THE VEHICLE HAS BEEN GARAGE PARKED SINCE ORIGINAL PURCHASE AND WE ARE THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. POOR QUALITY MATERIALS OR CONSTRUCTION. *TR

Mileage: 175,000

20130827STRUCTURE:BODY

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THERE WERE CRACKS IN THE DASHBOARD. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALER NOR REPAIRED. THE MANUFACTURER WAS NOTIFIED. THE APPROXIMATE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 113,000.

Mileage: 113,000

20110602FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

TL*THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. THE CONTACT STATED THE FUEL TANK SENSOR SENDING UNIT FAILED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALER WHO STATED THEY HAD TO REPAIR TWO SENDING UNITS WHICH WAS NOT UNDER RECALL OR WARRANTY. THE CONTACT HAD TO PAY FOR LABOR AND PARTS. THE MANUFACTURER STATED THERE WAS NO RECALL AND OFFERED NO ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 52,045.

Mileage: 52,045

20110414LATCHES/LOCKS/LINKAGES

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2003 INFINITI FX45. THE CONTACT ATTEMPTED TO UNLOCK THE DOORS WITH THE REMOTE BUT THE DOORS WOULD NOT UNLOCK. THE CONTACT STATED THAT HE HAD TO UTILIZE THE KEYS TO UNLOCK THE DOOR WHICH SETS OFF THE ALARM SYSTEM. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHEN THE ALARM WOULD ENGAGE, THE ALARM WOULD NOT SHUT OFF UNTIL THE ENGINE WAS STARTED. IN ADDITION, THE INTERIOR UNLOCK BUTTON HAD BECOME INOPERABLE. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO THE DEALER FOR THE FAILURE AND THE DEALER ADVISED THAT THE DOOR ACTUATOR WOULD NEED TO BE REPLACED ON ALL FIVE DOORS, INCLUDING THE HATCH BACK AT A COST OF $400 PER DOOR. THE VEHICLE WAS NOT REPAIRED. THE CONTACT STATED THAT THE FAILURE WOULD ONLY RECUR IN HOTTER TEMPERATURES. HE CALLED THE MANUFACTURER BUT NO ASSISTANCE WAS OFFERED. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS 70,000 AND THE CURRENT MILEAGE WAS 83,000. UPDATED 5/24/11 *CN UPDATED 06/10/11

Mileage: 70,000

20091004STRUCTURE

I OWN A 2003 INFINITY FX45 AWD. ABOUT JUNE 2007 THE STEERING WHEEL STARTED TO PEEL AND BREAKDOWN AND BECOME STICKY. SO I PUT A WHEEL COVER. PROBLEM COVERED UP. THOUGHT NOTHING OF IT UNTIL ABOUT A MONTH AGO I NOTICED A CRACK ON THE DASH IN THE CORNER BY THE SPEAKER IN THE CENTER OF THE DASH. THEN THE NEXT TIME I NOTICED A CRACK BY THE CORNER OF THE LEFT DASH SPEAKER, THEN THE NEXT TIME THE RIGHT DASH SPEAKER. NOW I NOTICED A CRACK BY THE FAR RIGHT AIR CONDITIONER VENT ON THE DASH. THE DASH IS CRACKING APART IN FRONT OF MY EYES. I HAVE A FRIEND THAT HAS A 2006 WITH THE SAME DASH PROBLEM. THEY MUST HAVE USED INFERIOR PRODUCTS FOR THE DASH AND STEERING WHEEL. I USE A SUN REFLECTOR WHEN PARKED AND MY WIFE PARKS UNDER A COVERED GARAGE. SO ITS NOT LIKE WE DID NOT TRY AND PREVENT A PROBLEM. I HAVE LIVED INFLORIDA OVER 30 YEARS AND HAVE NEVER HAD A DASH BOARD CRACK. IT IS A SHAME BECAUSE IT IS AN EXCELLENT RUNNING CAR. I WOULD THINK INFINITY WOULD WANT TO TAKE CARE OF WHAT MAY BE A LARGE SCALE

Mileage: 35,000

Compare 2003INFINITIFX45 to Similar Vehicles

NHTSA Investigations

View all investigations

Frequently Asked Questions

How many complaints does the 2003 INFINITI FX45 have?
The 2003 INFINITI FX45 has 34 NHTSA complaints, 1 crashes, 0 fires, 0 injuries, and 0 deaths reported.
Are there any recalls for the 2003 INFINITI FX45?
Yes, the 2003 INFINITI FX45 has 9 recall(s). The most common affected component is EXTERIOR LIGHTING:HEADLIGHTS. Recalls are issued by NHTSA and manufacturers must provide a free remedy.
What are the most common problems with the 2003 INFINITI FX45?
The most-complained component for the 2003 INFINITI FX45 is AIR BAGS with 5 complaints. Other frequently reported areas include STRUCTURE and EXTERIOR LIGHTING.
Is the 2003 INFINITI FX45 safe to buy?
Review the complaint history, crash and fire reports, safety ratings, and recall status on this page to make an informed decision. No NHTSA crash test rating is available for this model year. Compare with other model years using the links above.
Where does this data come from?
All complaint, recall, and safety rating data is sourced from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Complaints are filed by vehicle owners through NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation.

Vehicle Safety Guides

Data as of 2025. Sources: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) complaints database, NHTSA recall campaign API, NHTSA NCAP crash-test ratings, and NHTSA FARS for fatality cross-reference.