FORD E-250 · model year

2008 FORD E-250

10 NHTSA complaints, 4 crash reports, and 21 active recalls for this specific cohort.

NHTSA overall rating

Not crash-tested

New Car Assessment Program

The 2008FORDE-250 carries 10 consumer safety complaints in NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation database for this specific model-year cohort. Within that volume, owners reported 4 crashes, 0 fires, 4 injuries, and 0 fatalities. No NCAP 5-star crash-test rating is available for this model year in the federal database.

Component-level analysis is where model-year complaints become actionable: the top complaint category for the 2008 E-250 is engine with 2 filings, followed by vehicle speed control (1) and tires (1). Concentration in one or two component groups is the classic signature of a systemic defect; a flat distribution usually reflects normal aging, warranty complaints, or isolated build-plant variability. This model year has 21 active recall campaigns, which means the manufacturer is obligated to remedy the covered defect at no charge for the life of the vehicle, the full NHTSA campaign numbers are listed below.

NHTSA currently has 177 investigation files overlapping the 2008 E-250, and 8 remain open. Owners comparing this cohort against neighboring years should pair the counters above with the complaint-by-year trend on the parent model page, a spike in a single year often tracks to a platform refresh, a new transmission supplier, or an updated ECU calibration. Use the related-complaint feed below to read raw owner narratives before deciding whether any pattern here affects your specific use case.

10
Complaints
4
Crashes
0
Fires
4
Injuries
0
Deaths

Total Complaints

10 filings

Crashes Reported

4 reports

Source

NHTSA ODI

Federal complaints database

Complaints vs. fleet median (215)

At or below the fleet median complaint volume.

Complaints by Component

ComponentCount
ENGINE2
VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL1
TIRES1
STRUCTURE:BODY1
WHEELS1
AIR BAGS1
POWER TRAIN1
FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE1
TIRES:PRESSURE MONITORING AND REGULATING SYSTEMS1

Recalls (21)

09V30800029/07/2009

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

BOULEVARD IS RECALLING 3 VANS EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE LIFTS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 404, "PLATFORM LIFT INSTALLATIONS ON MOTOR VEHICLES." THE THRESHOLD WARNING SYSTEM MAY NOT DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A WHEEL

19V12500026/02/2019

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

New England Wheels (New England) is recalling certain 2008, 2013 and 2014 Ford E-250 vehicles modified to be equipped with Ricon Wheelchair lifts. The wheelchair lift positioning input cam may fail while the lift is in use, allowing the platform to travel higher than the vehicle's floor height. As

16V35000024/05/2016

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

New England Wheels (New England) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-250, E-350, and 2015 Ford Transit vans equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts by Ricon. The platform side plate of the affected wheelchair lifts may crack. Additiona

14V58400023/09/2014

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

National Van Builders, Inc. (National Van) is recalling certain 2007-2014 Ford E-150 and E-250 vehicles manufactured February 26, 2007, to August 19, 2014, and equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The platform s

13V26100021/06/2013

EQUIPMENT

Mobility Works is recalling certain model year 2006-2012 Ford E-150, E-250 and E-350 vehicles manufactured August 2006 through August 2012. The vehicles are equipped with certain Ricon S series and K Series wheelchair lifts with an optional armored pendant cable. The armored cable may be positioned

15V77900020/11/2015

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

New England Wheels is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-250, and E-350 cargo vans modified to be equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts built by the Ricon Corporation. The affected lifts are equipped with folding link arms that may have

15V76300017/11/2015

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

Mobility Specialists, Inc. (Mobility Specialists) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-250, and E-350 vehicles modified to be equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The platform side plate of the affec

10V15300015/04/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

COMM-TRANS IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2007-2009 ADA CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E-150, E-250, AND E-350 CHASSIS BETWEEN DECEMBER 7, 2007 AND DECEMBER 23, 2009 AND FITTED WITH CERTAIN RICON S SERIES AND K SERIES L-MODEL WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. DUE TO A PROBLEM IN THE SOFTWARE THAT CONTROLS THE LI

10V15100015/04/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

COMM-TRANS IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2007-2009 ADA CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E-150, E-250, AND E-350 CHASSIS BETWEEN DECEMBER 7, 2007 AND DECEMBER 23, 2009 AND FITTED WITH RICON PUBLIC USE LIFTS. THE RESTRAINT BELT ON THESE LIFTS WAS DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE LIFT FROM MOVING, UNLESS THE T

09V43400013/11/2009

EQUIPMENT:APPLIANCE:AIR CONDITIONER

E-N-G MOBILE SYSTEM IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008 CHEVROLET W5500, MODEL YEAR 2007-2009 DODGE 3500, MODEL YEAR 2009 MIGHTY MOVER, MODEL YEAR 2006-2009 FORD E-250, E-350 AND E-450, MODEL YEAR 2008-2009 GMC W4500, MODEL YEAR 2007 INTERNATIONAL 4300, MODEL YEAR 2009 TOYOTA LAND CRUISER VEHIC

10V20600013/05/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MOBILITY WORKS IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008 AND 2009 CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CHASSIS AFTER NOVEMBER 2007 AND FITTED WITH RICON PUBLIC USE LIFTS. THE RESTRAINT BELT ON THESE LIFTS WAS DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE LIFT FROM MOVING, UNLESS THE TONGUE OF THE BELT IS FULLY

10V20700010/05/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MOBILITY WORKS IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008 AND 2009 CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CHASSIS AND CHEVROLET 2500 CHASSIS AFTER NOVEMBER 2007 AND FITTED WITH CERTAIN RICON S SERIES AND K SERIES L-MODEL WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. DUE TO A PROBLEM IN THE SOFTWARE THAT CONTROLS THE LI

11E04700008/11/2011

FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:STORAGE:TANK ASSEMBLY

FORD IS RECALLING CERTAIN REPLACEMENT FUEL TANKS THAT COULD BE INSTALLED INTO MODEL YEAR 2004 THROUGH 2008 E-150, E-250, AND E-350 VANS AND WAGONS. THE AFFECTED FUEL TANKS HAVE AN EXTRA OBDII SENSOR HOLE ON THE TOP OF THE TANK THAT MAY NOT BE PROPERLY SEALED AND MAY LEAK FUEL.

08V53700006/10/2008

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

ACCUBUILT IS RECALLING 890 MY 2006-2008 FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CARGO VANS EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE LIFTS FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 403, "PLATFORM LIFT SYSTEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES." THE ANTI-STOW INTERLOCK M

08V53600006/10/2008

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

ACCUBUILT IS RECALLING 890 MY 2006-2008 FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CARGO VANS EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE BUSES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 404, "PLATFORM LIFT INSTALLATION IN MOTOR VEHICLES." THE THRESHOLD WARNING

08V51800006/10/2008

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MOBILITYWORKS IS RECALLING 224 MY 2007-2008 FORD E150, MY 2006-2008 E250, MY 2004-2007 E350, MY 2006 E450, MY 2005-2007 CHEVROLET 2500, MY 2007 CHEVROLET 1500, AND MY 2006 DODGE 2500 VANS EQUIPPED WITH RICON PLATFORM STYLE WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. THESE VEHICLES FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF FED

14V70600005/11/2014

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

Cummings Mobility Conversion & Supply (Cummings) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-150, E-250, E-350, Chevrolet Express, 2006-2008 Dodge Sprinter, and 2009-2014 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, and 2013 Ford Transit Connect vehicles manufactured January 1, 2006, to October 8, 2014, equipped wi

15V72900004/11/2015

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MobilityWorks (WMK Inc.) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 Ford E-150, E-250, and E-350 vans modified by MobilityWorks to be equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The affected lifts are equipped with fold

10V24200004/06/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MOBILITY TRANSPORTATION (MTS) IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2007 THROUGH 2009 CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CHASSIS FROM SEPTEMBER 16, 2008 THROUGH APRIL 15, 2009 AND FITTED WITH RICON PUBLIC USE LIFTS. THE RESTRAINT BELT ON THESE LIFTS WAS DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE LIFT FROM M

10V24300004/06/2010

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

MOBILITY TRANSPORTATION (MTS) IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2007 THROUGH 2009 CONVERSION VANS BUILT ON FORD E150, E250, AND E350 CHASSIS FROM SEPTEMBER 16, 2008 THROUGH APRIL 15, 2009 AND FITTED WITH CERTAIN RICON S SERIES AND K SERIES L-MODEL WHEELCHAIR LIFTS. DUE TO A PROBLEM IN THE SOFTWARE T

14V61700003/10/2014

EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY

New England Wheels (New England) is recalling certain model year 2006-2014 E-250, and E-350 vehicles modified by New England to be equipped with certain model S2005, S2010, S5005, S5010, S5505, and S5510 wheelchair lifts manufactured by Ricon Corporation. The platform side plate of the affected whe

Recent Complaints

20240710TIRES:PRESSURE MONITORING AND REGULATING SYSTEMS

I purchased DORMAN Replacement TPMS Sensors 974-050 from ROCKAUTO for my van. Installed less than 2 years and all are bad. ROCKAUTO stated they were wholesale closeout on only offer a 30 day warranty. Contact DORMAN and they stated LIFETIME and that ROCKAUTO should not have sold out of date sensors and to contact ROCKAUTO. After several emails to ROCKAUTO they basically say sorry out of warranty. The date code on the sensors are 11326-385 they were built in 2011. They should have some kind of law for selling outdated safety equipment. I have my Shipping Packing List , one sensor that I never installed and 4 of the 5 boxes.

20210109ENGINE

THANKFULLY I WAS DRIVING SLOWLY BETWEEN CURVES ON A STRETCH OF ROADWAY WITH A 30MPH SPEED LIMIT (ONE LANE EACH DIRECTION) WHEN I 'BLEW A SPARK PLUG'. THE COIL WAS ALSO DAMAGED I WAS TOLD. I WAS ALSO TOLD THERE'S NO GUARANTEE THAT IT WOULD NEVER HAPPEN AGAIN, AND I HAVE 7 OTHER SPARK PLUGS AND COILS IN THE ENGINE, SO EXPECT IT. ALLEGEDLY 3 WERE REPLACED JUST BEFORE WE BOUGHT THIS USED IN 2016. I TRIED TO GET RECEIPTS FOR VEHICLE MAINTENANCE RECORDS, BUT THE SHOP REFUSED AND THE PRIVATE OWNER HAD MOVED AND THROWN HER PAPERWORK AWAY. THIS WAS IN MASSACHUSETTS. I HAD NO WARNING, THAT I KNOW OF. SUDDENLY THERE WAS A LOUD BANG AND A REPEATED BANG, BANG, BANG! I PULLED OVER IMMEDIATELY. (THANKFULLY IT WASN'T A 3 OR MORE LANE HIGHWAY WITH MY MOTHER IN HER WHEELCHAIR!) THE BANGING ONLY STOPPED WHEN THE ENGINE WAS OFF. I WAS UNABLE TO LOOK AT THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT WITH THE VAN ON BECAUSE I WAS AFRAID OF MORE DAMAGE! IT WAS PUT ON A FLATBED AND TOWED BY AAA, TO A SHOP A FEW MILES AWAY. UNFO

Mileage: 162,400

20170313ENGINE

MY TRANSMISSION WENT ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO. I WAS TOLD THAT FORD HAD BAD TRANSMISSIONS IN THE YEARS OF MY VAN, BY THE MECHANIC. THEN FRIDAY NIGHT I WAS DRIVING ALONG AND THE VAN STARTED ACTING FUNNY, NOT ACCELERATING AND A WRENCH LIGHT CAME ON. THEN A LITTLE ENGINE LIGHT CAME ON AND MY CAR DIED. I GOT IT TO GO ABOUT 30MPH ON THE EXPRESSWAY AND GOT IT TO THE GARAGE. :[ I LOOKED UP WHAT HAPPENED AND FOUND OUT THAT THE THROTTLE BODY PROBLEM IS COMMON IN THE FORD, JUST NOT THE E250. BUT IT IS THE SAME PROBLEM AS THE ESCAPE, SO OBVIOUSLY A FORD PROBLEM!! I HAVE ALREADY PUT IN A NEW TRANSMISSION AND NOW THIS. I FEEL THAT THESE THINGS SHOULD NOT GO AFTER ONLY 9 YEARS. THIS VEHICLE IS FOR TRANSPORTING MY TWO BOYS IN WHEELCHAIRS WITH A MUSCLE DISEASE. I NEED MY CAR!!! BUT I AM GOING BROKE! IF THESE PROBLEMS ARE FORD AND YOU ARE FIXING THEM FOR FREE WITHIN TEN YEARS, THEN THAT IS WHAT YOU SHOULD DO! [XXX]. [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FO

Mileage: 76,000

20170313POWER TRAIN

MY TRANSMISSION WENT ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO. I WAS TOLD THAT FORD HAD BAD TRANSMISSIONS IN THE YEARS OF MY VAN, BY THE MECHANIC. THEN FRIDAY NIGHT I WAS DRIVING ALONG AND THE VAN STARTED ACTING FUNNY, NOT ACCELERATING AND A WRENCH LIGHT CAME ON. THEN A LITTLE ENGINE LIGHT CAME ON AND MY CAR DIED. I GOT IT TO GO ABOUT 30MPH ON THE EXPRESSWAY AND GOT IT TO THE GARAGE. :[ I LOOKED UP WHAT HAPPENED AND FOUND OUT THAT THE THROTTLE BODY PROBLEM IS COMMON IN THE FORD, JUST NOT THE E250. BUT IT IS THE SAME PROBLEM AS THE ESCAPE, SO OBVIOUSLY A FORD PROBLEM!! I HAVE ALREADY PUT IN A NEW TRANSMISSION AND NOW THIS. I FEEL THAT THESE THINGS SHOULD NOT GO AFTER ONLY 9 YEARS. THIS VEHICLE IS FOR TRANSPORTING MY TWO BOYS IN WHEELCHAIRS WITH A MUSCLE DISEASE. I NEED MY CAR!!! BUT I AM GOING BROKE! IF THESE PROBLEMS ARE FORD AND YOU ARE FIXING THEM FOR FREE WITHIN TEN YEARS, THEN THAT IS WHAT YOU SHOULD DO! [XXX]. [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FO

Mileage: 76,000

20170313FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

MY TRANSMISSION WENT ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO. I WAS TOLD THAT FORD HAD BAD TRANSMISSIONS IN THE YEARS OF MY VAN, BY THE MECHANIC. THEN FRIDAY NIGHT I WAS DRIVING ALONG AND THE VAN STARTED ACTING FUNNY, NOT ACCELERATING AND A WRENCH LIGHT CAME ON. THEN A LITTLE ENGINE LIGHT CAME ON AND MY CAR DIED. I GOT IT TO GO ABOUT 30MPH ON THE EXPRESSWAY AND GOT IT TO THE GARAGE. :[ I LOOKED UP WHAT HAPPENED AND FOUND OUT THAT THE THROTTLE BODY PROBLEM IS COMMON IN THE FORD, JUST NOT THE E250. BUT IT IS THE SAME PROBLEM AS THE ESCAPE, SO OBVIOUSLY A FORD PROBLEM!! I HAVE ALREADY PUT IN A NEW TRANSMISSION AND NOW THIS. I FEEL THAT THESE THINGS SHOULD NOT GO AFTER ONLY 9 YEARS. THIS VEHICLE IS FOR TRANSPORTING MY TWO BOYS IN WHEELCHAIRS WITH A MUSCLE DISEASE. I NEED MY CAR!!! BUT I AM GOING BROKE! IF THESE PROBLEMS ARE FORD AND YOU ARE FIXING THEM FOR FREE WITHIN TEN YEARS, THEN THAT IS WHAT YOU SHOULD DO! [XXX]. [XXX] INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FO

Mileage: 76,000

20130722CrashSTRUCTURE:BODY

I WAS DRIVING IN THE RAIN GOING 45 AND AS I WAS HEADING DOWNHILL I ATTEMPTED TO SLOW DOWN. THE VEHICLE BEGAN TO HYDROPLANE AND I COULD NOT CONTROL THE DIRECTION I WAS GOING. I RAN FRONT FIRST INTO A GUARDRAIL AND MY VAN FLIPPED OVER AND ROLLED. THE AIR BAGS NEVER DEPLOYED AND THE VEHICLE WAS TOTALED. *TR

Mileage: 195,000

20130722CrashWHEELS

I WAS DRIVING IN THE RAIN GOING 45 AND AS I WAS HEADING DOWNHILL I ATTEMPTED TO SLOW DOWN. THE VEHICLE BEGAN TO HYDROPLANE AND I COULD NOT CONTROL THE DIRECTION I WAS GOING. I RAN FRONT FIRST INTO A GUARDRAIL AND MY VAN FLIPPED OVER AND ROLLED. THE AIR BAGS NEVER DEPLOYED AND THE VEHICLE WAS TOTALED. *TR

Mileage: 195,000

20130722CrashAIR BAGS

I WAS DRIVING IN THE RAIN GOING 45 AND AS I WAS HEADING DOWNHILL I ATTEMPTED TO SLOW DOWN. THE VEHICLE BEGAN TO HYDROPLANE AND I COULD NOT CONTROL THE DIRECTION I WAS GOING. I RAN FRONT FIRST INTO A GUARDRAIL AND MY VAN FLIPPED OVER AND ROLLED. THE AIR BAGS NEVER DEPLOYED AND THE VEHICLE WAS TOTALED. *TR

Mileage: 195,000

20120103TIRES

TL* THE CONTACT OWNS A 2008 FORD E-250 WITH HANKOOK DYNAPRO AS TIRES, SIZE LT245/75/R16, DOT NUMBER: T7XD5JNH. THE CONTACT STATED THAT WHEN DRIVING VARIOUS SPEEDS, THERE WAS A SEVERE THUMP FELT FROM THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE. AFTER TAKING THE VEHICLE TO AN INDEPENDENT MECHANIC, THE CONTACT WAS ADVISED THAT THE FRONT DRIVER SIDE TIRE SEPARATED AND NEEDED TO BE REPLACED. THE VEHICLE WAS TAKEN TO CERTIFIED DEALER WHERE THE TIRE WAS REPLACED. THE FAILURE RECURRED WITHIN A FEW MONTHS. THE TIRE WAS REPLACED A SECOND TIME. LATER, THE CONTACT EXPERIENCED THE SAME FAILURE ON THE FRONT PASSENGER SIDE TIRE. THE MANUFACTURER WAS CONTACTED AND THEY ADVISED THE CONTACT THAT THE FAILURE COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY A DEFECT IN THE VEHICLE ITSELF. THE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 4,000. THE TIRE FAILURE MILEAGE WAS APPROXIMATELY 3,500.

Mileage: 4,000

20100301CrashVEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

WHEN THE ENGINE ON THE 2008 E250 FORD CARGO VAN WAS STARTED AND THE TRUCK PUT INTO THE DRIVE GEAR, THE ENGINE RACED AT A HIGH RPM RATE SUFFICIENT TO SPIN THE REAR WHEELS, LUNGE FORWARD UNDER WHAT FELT LIKE FULL POWER, SLAMMED THROUGH A FENCE AND DOWN INTO A RAVINE. THE VAN WAS A RENTAL FROM ENTERPRISE LEASING CO. THE PASSENGER'S RIGHT RING FINGER WAS SEVERED IN THE CRASH. NO AIR BAGS DEPLOYED AND APPARENTLY NEVER INSTALLED IN THE 2008 VAN. THE ACCELERATOR APPEARED TO BE STUCK IN THE OUT-OF-CONTROL RUN-AWAY. *TR

Mileage: 42,250

Compare 2008FORDE-250 to Similar Vehicles

NHTSA Investigations 8 Open

View all investigations

Frequently Asked Questions

How many complaints does the 2008 FORD E-250 have?
The 2008 FORD E-250 has 10 NHTSA complaints, 4 crashes, 0 fires, 4 injuries, and 0 deaths reported.
Are there any recalls for the 2008 FORD E-250?
Yes, the 2008 FORD E-250 has 21 recall(s). The most common affected component is EQUIPMENT ADAPTIVE/MOBILITY. Recalls are issued by NHTSA and manufacturers must provide a free remedy.
What are the most common problems with the 2008 FORD E-250?
The most-complained component for the 2008 FORD E-250 is ENGINE with 2 complaints. Other frequently reported areas include VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL and TIRES.
Is the 2008 FORD E-250 safe to buy?
Review the complaint history, crash and fire reports, safety ratings, and recall status on this page to make an informed decision. No NHTSA crash test rating is available for this model year. Compare with other model years using the links above.
Where does this data come from?
All complaint, recall, and safety rating data is sourced from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Complaints are filed by vehicle owners through NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation.

Vehicle Safety Guides

Data as of 2025. Sources: NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) complaints database, NHTSA recall campaign API, NHTSA NCAP crash-test ratings, and NHTSA FARS for fatality cross-reference.